To use a keyboard shortcut, press and hold one or more modifier keys and then press the last key of the shortcut. For example, to use Command-C (copy), press and hold the Command key, then the C key, then release both keys. Mac menus and keyboards often use symbols for certain keys, including modifier keys. All retail software uses a serial number or key of some form. A serial number can also be referred to as an Activation Code or CD Key. When you search for Mac Os X Lion 10.7 Server Packages 388 Mb Serial, you may sometimes find the word 'serial' in the results. This usually means your software download has a serial number. Jun 06, 2011 The latest version of Apple’s operating system OS X Lion has 250 new features and will be released in July, the company announced at its Worldwide Developer Conference in San Francisco today.

Click here to return to the '10.4: Remapping keys in Mac OS X 10.4' hint

Finally I can reassign that dreadful Enter key on my MBP to nice and useful Option key! Thank you!

Tell me, how exactly am I supposed to remap the Caps Lock key to the Escape key using DoubleCommand? :P

Be warned that DoubleCommand issues a kernel panic on boot with the lastest Mac OS X 10.4.7 on Intel machines, at least on my two laptops
I found the utility to be extremely useful until I found myself without the capability of booting my Macbook :(

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I'm glad to hear it. :)

of course, the use of Apple's Plist Editor (I think every MOXH.com reader should know it, othervise it comes with developer tools) will spare you time about the conversion and Terminal stuff!

BTW: Does anyone know is it possible to remap multimedia keys?
(extra buttons that are ment to control Explorer/Media Player/Clipboard on Windows)
These seem to be very different than usual keys (Ukelele keyboard remapper doesn't see them pressed)

Mac Os X Lion Upgrade

This is an absolutely horrible april fools joke. A good joke doesn't crash a system, it pranks it. Search for 'cocoa text system' for a hint with lots of pranking capabilities. Remapping the shift button to number pad 0 or something might be pretty good. But a kernel panic button… that's just cruel, in the worst way.

I feel the same way. A good prank can be undone by the victim, but this kernel-panic inducer would be too cruel because it'd be so hard to troubleshoot. Analogy: it's ok to saran-wrap a coworker's cube, because she can unwrap it, but not ok to spray-paint her cube or fill it with concrete.
A good prank idea: Back in oS9 days, I snuck a pair of Applescripts onto a coworker's machine. One of them set the Date and Time options to announce the time [every 15 min. I think]. The other script detected when the first script was deleted, and restored it immediately. It took her a few hours, not that she tried that hard, but she eventually found 'em both. Now that's a prank, and I would only have done it to her or one other person, the only 2 users I knew who were savvy enough to know where to look for the prank's parts.

Incidentally, the latest DoubleCommand (at the link above) works perfectly for me on a Macbook Pro + 10.4.8.

why am i just now learning about this hint?
caps lock = esc
1. remap caps lock to help
2. quicksilver trigger this script:
tell app 'System Events' to key code 53
3. set 'hot key = help' and 'activate = on release'

Is there a way to make arbitrary keys behave as modifier keys? I'm left-handed and my setup doesn't really allow me to have a full-size external keyboard, so I'd like to buy a USB numeric keypad and assign the frequently used modifier keys (cmd, opt, ctrl, fn and shift) to the keys on the keypad.
I looked into DoubleCommand and fKeys and Keyboard Maestro, none of which fit the bill. Perhaps there's a clever hack that strings multiple things together for a solution?
Anyone?

I really need this, so sorry for opening an old post. Anyone have any instruction updates for 10.5.7 in simple easy to understand steps? I'm a terminal newbie but have Apple's Property List editor if that helps. The .global files (I have several) referred to in this hint show no signs of having a 'com.apple.keyboard.modifiermapping key' entry on my system.
I just want to make my right option key act as the enter key which they removed from the newer laptops. Any help is really appreciated, Thanks.

Still works in Snow Leopard. If you are unsure about which plist to edit, you can change the setting in the Keyboard preference panel. This will update the plist file so you can just select the most recent one. Also notice that there are now arrays for each keyboard your Mac has been used with. To be sure, make the changes to each of them. In my scenario, I wanted a separate meta key for Terminal (I want the symbols option and shift-option produces in addition to meta functionality). I have 'always' had caps lock as a control key. To accomplist the meta key task, I first mapped the left ctrl key (has been useless before) mapped to 'keypad 0' (code 5). Then I edited my custom keyboard layout (.keylayout) file with Ukelele:

• I created a new dead key map for 'keypad 0'.
• Then, for each key in the dead key map, I added  (ESC) plus the key itself
• For instance, the dead key for 'a' is configured as a (ESC + A)

This allows the ex-ctrl to be used as a better meta key, no Keyboard Maestro needed.

I bought a new Apple keyboard which has an extra tilde key to the left of the z and before the shift key which is now much less wide than the standard shift key I'm used to. I'd like to remap the tilde key to the left of my Z to also function as a shift key. Is there any way I can do this?

This still works with more recent OSX versions. There is no need to convert the plist to XML, just find the most recent

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~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/.GlobalPreferences.*.plist file, open it in the PropertyList Editor (double-click or call with open), find the section(s) com.apple.keyboard.modifiermapping.* (one for each keyboard), open the section, and copy/paste item entries, modifying as indicated in the hint. Save when finished.

For me, I swap Caps Lock and Control, but wanted the right Control key (just left of the arrow keys) to retain functionality as a Control key. So I simply highlighted and deleted the Item mapping between them, and saved; worked perfectly after a logout. Tested on Snow Leopard.

So, you’ve decided to download an older version of Mac OS X. There are many reasons that could point you to this radical decision. To begin with, some of your apps may not be working properly (or simply crash) on newer operating systems. Also, you may have noticed your Mac’s performance went down right after the last update. Finally, if you want to run a parallel copy of Mac OS X on a virtual machine, you too will need a working installation file of an older Mac OS X. Further down we’ll explain where to get one and what problems you may face down the road.

A list of all Mac OS X versions

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We’ll be repeatedly referring to these Apple OS versions below, so it’s good to know the basic macOS timeline.

Cheetah 10.0	Puma 10.1	Jaguar 10.2
Panther 10.3	Tiger 10.4	Leopard 10.5
Snow Leopard 10.6	Lion 10.7	Mountain Lion 10.8
Mavericks 10.9	Yosemite 10.10	El Capitan 10.11
Sierra 10.12	High Sierra 10.13	Mojave 10.14
Catalina 10.15

STEP 1. Prepare your Mac for installation

Given your Mac isn’t new and is filled with data, you will probably need enough free space on your Mac. This includes not just space for the OS itself but also space for other applications and your user data. One more argument is that the free space on your disk translates into virtual memory so your apps have “fuel” to operate on. The chart below tells you how much free space is needed.

Note, that it is recommended that you install OS on a clean drive. Next, you will need enough disk space available, for example, to create Recovery Partition. Here are some ideas to free up space on your drive:

• Uninstall large unused apps
• Empty Trash Bin and Downloads
• Locate the biggest files on your computer:

Go to Finder > All My Files > Arrange by size
Then you can move your space hoggers onto an external drive or a cloud storage.
If you aren’t comfortable with cleaning the Mac manually, there are some nice automatic “room cleaners”. Our favorite is CleanMyMac as it’s most simple to use of all. It deletes system junk, old broken apps, and the rest of hidden junk on your drive.

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.4 - 10.8 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.9 (free version)

Download CleanMyMac for OS 10.10 - 10.14 (free version)

STEP 2. Get a copy of Mac OS X download

Normally, it is assumed that updating OS is a one-way road. That’s why going back to a past Apple OS version is problematic. The main challenge is to download the OS installation file itself, because your Mac may already be running a newer version. If you succeed in downloading the OS installation, your next step is to create a bootable USB or DVD and then reinstall the OS on your computer.

How to download older Mac OS X versions via the App Store

If you once had purchased an old version of Mac OS X from the App Store, open it and go to the Purchased tab. There you’ll find all the installers you can download. However, it doesn’t always work that way. The purchased section lists only those operating systems that you had downloaded in the past. But here is the path to check it:

1. Click the App Store icon.
2. Click Purchases in the top menu.
3. Scroll down to find the preferred OS X version.
4. Click Download.

This method allows you to download Mavericks and Yosemite by logging with your Apple ID — only if you previously downloaded them from the Mac App Store.

Without App Store: Download Mac OS version as Apple Developer

If you are signed with an Apple Developer account, you can get access to products that are no longer listed on the App Store. If you desperately need a lower OS X version build, consider creating a new Developer account among other options. The membership cost is $99/year and provides a bunch of perks unavailable to ordinary users.

Nevertheless, keep in mind that if you visit developer.apple.com/downloads, you can only find 10.3-10.6 OS X operating systems there. Newer versions are not available because starting Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.7, the App Store has become the only source of updating Apple OS versions.

Purchase an older version of Mac operating system

You can purchase a boxed or email version of past Mac OS X directly from Apple. Both will cost you around $20. For the reason of being rather antiquated, Snow Leopard and earlier Apple versions can only be installed from DVD.

Buy a boxed edition of Snow Leopard 10.6
Get an email copy of Lion 10.7
Get an email copy of Mountain Lion 10.8

The email edition comes with a special download code you can use for the Mac App Store. Note, that to install the Lion or Mountain Lion, your Mac needs to be running Snow Leopard so you can install the newer OS on top of it.

How to get macOS El Capitan download

If you are wondering if you can run El Capitan on an older Mac, rejoice as it’s possible too. But before your Mac can run El Capitan it has to be updated to OS X 10.6.8. So, here are main steps you should take:

1. Install Snow Leopard from install DVD.
2. Update to 10.6.8 using Software Update.
3. Download El Capitan here.

“I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X”

If you have a newer Mac, there is no physical option to install Mac OS versions older than your current Mac model. For instance, if your MacBook was released in 2014, don’t expect it to run any OS released prior of that time, because older Apple OS versions simply do not include hardware drivers for your Mac.

But as it often happens, workarounds are possible. There is still a chance to download the installation file if you have an access to a Mac (or virtual machine) running that operating system. For example, to get an installer for Lion, you may ask a friend who has Lion-operated Mac or, once again, set up a virtual machine running Lion. Then you will need to prepare an external drive to download the installation file using OS X Utilities.

After you’ve completed the download, the installer should launch automatically, but you can click Cancel and copy the file you need. Below is the detailed instruction how to do it.

STEP 3. Install older OS X onto an external drive

The following method allows you to download Mac OS X Lion, Mountain Lion, and Mavericks.

1. Start your Mac holding down Command + R.
2. Prepare a clean external drive (at least 10 GB of storage).
3. Within OS X Utilities, choose Reinstall OS X.
4. Select external drive as a source.
5. Enter your Apple ID.

Now the OS should start downloading automatically onto the external drive. After the download is complete, your Mac will prompt you to do a restart, but at this point, you should completely shut it down. Now that the installation file is “captured” onto your external drive, you can reinstall the OS, this time running the file on your Mac.

1. Boot your Mac from your standard drive.
2. Connect the external drive.
3. Go to external drive > OS X Install Data.

Locate InstallESD.dmg disk image file — this is the file you need to reinstall Lion OS X. The same steps are valid for Mountain Lion and Mavericks.

How to downgrade a Mac running later macOS versions

If your Mac runs macOS Sierra 10.12 or macOS High Sierra 10.13, it is possible to revert it to the previous system if you are not satisfied with the experience. You can do it either with Time Machine or by creating a bootable USB or external drive.
Instruction to downgrade from macOS Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS High Sierra

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Mojave

Instruction to downgrade from macOS Catalina

Before you do it, the best advice is to back your Mac up so your most important files stay intact. In addition to that, it makes sense to clean up your Mac from old system junk files and application leftovers. The easiest way to do it is to run CleanMyMac X on your machine (download it for free here).

Visit your local Apple Store to download older OS X version

If none of the options to get older OS X worked, pay a visit to nearest local Apple Store. They should have image installations going back to OS Leopard and earlier. You can also ask their assistance to create a bootable USB drive with the installation file. So here you are. We hope this article has helped you to download an old version of Mac OS X. Below are a few more links you may find interesting.

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